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DYNAMICS OF CRYSTAL LATTICE WITH NON-TETRAEDRICAL SITE IN KEATING MODEL
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DYNAMICS OF CRYSTAL LATTICE WITH NON-TETRAEDRICAL SITE IN KEATING MODEL
Рубрики: PHYSICAL SCIENCES
Gordienko Aleksey 1
Gordienko Kirill 2
Kopytov Anatoliy 3
Авторы:
1.  Kemerovo State University

Россия
2.  Kemerovo State University

Россия
3.  Kemerovo State University

Россия
Тип:
Статья
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.21603/2500-1418-2016-1-2-108-113
Страницы:
с 108 по 113
Статус:
Опубликован
Получено:
30.12.2016
Одобрено:
30.12.2016
Опубликовано:
30.12.2016
Классификаторы:
ГРНТИ 29.01 Общие вопросы физики
ГРНТИ 27.01 Общие вопросы математики
ГРНТИ 31.01 Общие вопросы химии
ГРНТИ 34.01 Общие вопросы биологии
Язык материала:
английский
Ключевые слова:
lattice dynamics, Keating Model, force coefficient, phonon spectrum, atomic site
Аннотация и ключевые слова
Аннотация (русский):
The work investigates the applicability of the Keating Model to estimation of the crystal lattice dynamics with the atomic coordination different from that of tetrahedral. The general model statement is considered in view of the long-range pattern of Coulomb interaction, software support of estimations with total consistency and accuracy assessment in terms of test systems to be standard for the Keating Model, and calculation results are given with the analysis of the crystal phonon spectrum structured like the mineral salt and fluorite. It is shown that the best choice of the model parameters will result in values for compounds of the structure above that are well consistent with experimental data, including acoustic vibration frequency range, where the Keating Model normally results in the increased values thereof.

Ключевые слова:
lattice dynamics, Keating Model, force coefficient, phonon spectrum, atomic site
Текст
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INTRODUCTION The Keating Model [1] is one of the most popular and widely used approaches to describe the short-range interaction between atoms and crystalls. Along with the expansion [2] that accounts for the long-range pattern of the Coulomb interaction in compounds having ionic constituent of the chemical bond, the method [1] today is successfully used to calculate elastic constants, phonon spectrum and concurrent features of quite the wide range of the system (perfect and imperfect crystals, heterostructures, alloys), and it is also the theoretic base for a range of more common methods to consider, in particular, combined interactions or anharmonicity effects. The Keating Model is one of alternatives of valence force field methods (VFF), though it’s wording is primarily based on the demand of invariance of the stress-free crystal potential energy towards rotations. This suggests exclusion of discordance possibility of the VFF method when it is used for periodic system and, at the same time, retention of the physical transparency when describing interactions and simplicity of calculations. Starting from the initial work [1], the model is applied to compounds with tetrahedral site, such as diamond, sphalerite and of this kind where each atom has 4 bonds with the nearest neighbors. It should be noted that initially, even for such crystals, the Keating model was used to calculate elastic constants, and one of first works where vibrational spectrum was estimated on the same basis is [3], where analytic expressions of the dynamic matrix have been obtained for the diamond followed by frequency ranges for the three points of the Brillouin zone. Also, the latticed dynamics was also evaluated within the Keating Model of more complicated structural types of compounds, like in [4-8] for crystals with the structure of copperpyrites, [9] for the mono-layer superlattice (GaAs)1 (AlAs)1. At once, works are hardly reported where the Keating Model is used in its authentic statement to calculate the vibrational spectrum of crystals of the structure different from that of diamond-like. This is with the exception of the work [10] that shows results for the zirconium carbide (ZrC) with the rock salt structure, and [11-15] though the VFF method for such crystals is quite successfully applied, for example, [16-20], where the 7-parameter bond-bending force model, BBFM, is considered. Thus, the study of the Keating model applicability to compounds with atoms of the site other than tetrahedral, is quite relevant and interesting challenge that sets main objective of this work. Below, the following will be described: a general description of the Keating Model, features of the software support and calculation results of the phonon spectra for test systems, having the diamond-like structure, as well as the parameters, calculations and the corresponding analysis of crystals of the rock salt structure and fluorite; general work conclusions are summarized. KEATING MODEL: POTENTIAL AND FORCE CONSTANTS Two types of interaction are considered between the crystal atoms (Fig. 1) within the Keating Model [1], as follow: two-particle defined by the bond stretching and three-particle due to bond-bending. Please cite this article in press as: Gordienko A.B., Gordienko K.А., Kopytov A.V. Dynamics of crystal lattice with non-tetraedrical site in Keating Model. Science Evolution, 2016, vol. 1, no. 2, pp. 108-113. doi: 2500-1418-2016-1-2-108-113. Copyright © 2016, KemSU. This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License (http:// creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/), allowing third parties to copy and redistribute the material in any medium or format and to remix, transform, and build upon the material for any purpose, even commercially, provided the original work is properly cited and states its license. This article is published with open access at http:// science-evolution.ru/ n m k work expression [1], that may be expanded including, by retention of the rotational invariance, the combined terms nm of sum that describe the stretch-stretch “interaction”, as well as stretch-bends [22]. Computation of force constants, eg. [16], defined as derivatives m n  (nm)  2U , ,  x, y,z (5) (b) Fig. 1. Major interactions in the Keating Model. Expression for potential energy of crystal using the activity label [6] is written as u(n)u(m) RR0 requires consideration of “direct” and “indirect” bonds in the Keating Model, as per Fig. 2, 3 and results to the following expressions, accordingly         (nm)  ()(nm)  () (nm)  2 16 2 16 U  2 nm R(nm)R(nm)  R0(nm)R0(nm)     R0 (nm)R0 (nm)  2  A n, m (1) A2 nm   (6)   2  mk R(nm)R(nk )  R0(nm)R0(nk )2 ,  4 mk R0(nk)R0(nk)  R0(nm)R0(nk)  A2 n, m,k m n A2 k n     where  4 nk  R0(mk)R0(mk )  R0(mk )R0(mn)  R(nm)  R(n)  R(m), (2) A2 k m      (mk )  4 mk R0 (nk )R0 (nm) (7) R0(nm)  R0(n)  R0(m) (3)  A2 n   u(n)  R(n)  R0(n) (4) As for heteropolar compounds, the set of force constants (6)-(7) should be expanded with regard to the and R0(n), R(n) - equilibrium and offset position of n- atom. αnm and βn-parameters of two- and three-particle interactions that normally relate to the coefficient of rigidity, though the potential energy mode (1) does not allow the physical analogy in full; accordingly, A - lattice parameter in case of cubic crystals or, for example, the average value of several crystals in case of other syngony. Summing as per n is done for the whole crystal, m and k are limited within the model by first or second neighbors of the atom n. It should be noted that (1) is the initial long-range effect of the Coulomb interaction. In most cases, to solve this problem, including for this work, a point characteristic model is applied described in detail in [21]. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION The software support of the lattice dynamics within the Keating Model is provided using the Python [23] software language, that is currently widely used in scientific and engineering estimations. VESTA [24] and Фμν(nm) = n,μ m,ν n,μ αnm + + m,ν mk ..... n,μ mk m,ν Fig. 2. Contributions to Фμν(nm) by atoms with the ‘direct’ bond. m,ν Фμν(mk) = n mk Fig. 3. Contributions to Ф (mk) by atoms with ‘indirect’ bond. μν k ,ν ESPlot [25] software programs are used for graphical display of crystal structures and phonon spectrum. To check the consistency and accuracy of support, test estimations are performed of the lattice dynamics for the diamond (С), and for the mono-layer superlattice (GaAs)1 (AlAs)1 with the growing axis (001). Parameters shown in works [1] and [9], accordingly, were used for calculations. Phonon spectrum is shown in Fig. 4, and specific frequency values are given in the Table 1. (Various units are here and elsewhere used for the convenient comparison of real calculation results versus estimations in other works or experimental data). As it is seen, in both cases the calculation results in the correct mode and sequence of vibrational edges and the frequency values satisfactory fit the results of other calculations and experimental data. Whereby, the reported differences are typical for the Keating Model and refer to the acoustic subspectrum, for which the frequency values, like in other analogous works, are increased versus the relevant experimental data. Crystals with the structure of type cesium chloride (CsCl, CsBr) and the rock salt (KCl, KBr), that represent the wide class of alkali-halide crystals (AHC), appear to be the first convenient crystals to study the capacity to expand the scope of the Keating Model application. These compounds solidify to isometric systems withthe face-centered and simple cubic lattice. Atoms are aligned in positions (000) and (a/ 2, a /2, a / 2), where a - lattic constant, and have 8 and 6 nearest neighbors located in the cube corner and octahedron, Fig. 5. Parameters of 1 1 short-range interactions (α=αMe-Hal, β = βMeHal-Hal, β = βHMe-Me) and effective charges (Z) are defined based 2 on the consistency between the rated and experimental frequencies (or rated values by other authors) in the center point of the Brillouin zone (point G), and correct values LO-TO of breakage and are given in the Table 2. Fig. 4. Diamond phonon spectrum (С) (left) and the mono-layer supergrating (GaAs)1(AlAs)1 (right). Table 1. Frequency of oscillation C and (GaAs)1 (AlAs)1 in symmetric points of Brillouin zone С (diamond) (GaAs)1 (AlAs)1 Symm. Real estimation (cm-1) [26] (cm-1) Symm. Real estimation (cm-1) Estimation [9] Experiment [9] Г 1566 1555 Г5 381/354 379/352 -/358 Г 705 870 254/249 254/248 260/- L2 1103 1477 146/146 146/146 - L3 1398 839 Г3 381/365 386/360 384/- L4 1407 1197 254/244 252/246 273/- X1 997 979 215 214 198 X2 1207 1212 X3 1313 1306 Crystal Lattice parameter (Å) α (N/m) β1 (N/m) β2 (N/m) Z (e) CsCl 4.088 0.93 0.05 -0.10 ±0.79 CsBr 4.240 1.10 0.01 -0.20 ±0.86 KCl 6.293 1.10 0.10 0.10 ±0.69 KBr 6.598 1.00 -0.05 -0.05 ±0.71 Crystal Lattice parameter (Å) α (N/m) β1 (N/m) β2 (N/m) Z (e) CsCl 4.088 0.93 0.05 -0.10 ±0.79 CsBr 4.240 1.10 0.01 -0.20 ±0.86 KCl 6.293 1.10 0.10 0.10 ±0.69 KBr 6.598 1.00 -0.05 -0.05 ±0.71 Table 2. Alkali-halide crystal structural and potential parameters (а) (b) Fig. 5. Crystalline structure of CsCl(а) and и Na Cl(b) type conjugation. Phonon spectrum of crystals of the structure like CsCl, calculated for several symmetric trends in the Brillouin zone is shown in Fig. 6. As it is seen, in general, the Keating Model offers satisfactory description of the frequency spectrum for a wide range of values in the wave vector. A distinctive feature is the perfect consistency in the frequency subspectrum of acoustic oscillation where the Keating Model normally predicts greater frequency values than observed. This can be explained, on the one hand, by the fact, that the model parameters in real estimations are defined by alignment of frequency as compared with the standard version, based on comparison of elastic constants, which does not guarantee the similar quality of frequency values. On the other hand, unlike diamond compounds, where the three-particle interaction parameters are positive, this case requires negative values either, which, as per calculations, are more preferential for tested structures. The results for crystals of type Na Cl are shown in the Fig. 7. Here, as for the CsCl type compounds, the Keating Model quite efficiently describes the vibrational spectrum, wherein the deviations against calculations, based on the BBFM method [20] containing seven parameters, are relatively small, when the general topology of phonon branches is fully reproduced. The value of β parameter, as for crystals of type CsCl, is also negative for KBr, which can be taken systematic, given that similar parameters in calculations of works [10,16-20] for similar crystals are also negative in most cases. The fluorite crystal (Ca F2) is challenging for purposes of this work, since its structure may be considered as the structure by the complexity degree in terms of compounds above. Fluorite solidifies in the cubic system with the face-centered lattice, and the lattice cell contains 3 atoms with coordinates Ca (0, 0, 0) and F(±a /4, ± a / 4, ± a / 4), Fig. 8. The feature of this structure is the fluorine atom sub-system that forms the simple cubic lattice with the constant equal to a/2. For the structure of Ca F2 , the nearest neighborhood contains the following: for atom Ca - 8 F atoms in the cube corner, for F atom - 4 Ca atoms (tetrahedron) and 6 F atoms (octahedron), which in view of symmetric interaction, results in six short-range parameters with values shown in the Table 3 with effective charges (in units of Table 2). Fig. 8. Ca F2 crystalline structure. Table 3. Short-range action parameters for CaF2 αCa-F αF-F βCaFF βFCaCa βFFF βFCaF Z 18.5 3.75 -0.9 0.1 0.1 -0.5 ±1.5 CsCl CsBr Fig. 6. CsCl and CsBr phonon spectrum: firm line - real estimation, dash-dot line - estimation and experiment [27]. KCl KBr Fig. 7. KCl and KBr phonon spectrum: firm line - real estimation, dashed line -estimation in BBFM model [20]. Science Evolution, 2016, vol. 1, no. 2 Science Evolution, 2016, vol. 1, no. 2 Calculation results for CaF2 are shown in Fig. 9, and also given in Table 4. As it is seen, the Keating Model for the fluorite structure also results in the very good qualitative and quantitative description of the vibrational spectrum, being highly competitive with first-principles calculations. Fig. 9. Ca F2 phonon spectrum: lines - real estimation, dashed line - first-principles calculation [28], triangles - experiment [29]. Table 4. Comparison of rated and experimental freuency values of CaF2 Real estimation (cm-1) [30] (cm-1) [29] (cm-1) Experiment [31] (cm-1) LO 453.55 453.82 466 463 Raman 321.90 309.56 327 322 TO 257.46 225.96 253 257 The most notable differences of the spectrum obtained in these calculations from first-principles calculations and experimental data are reported for acoustic branches at the X point, for which the Keating Model leads to somewhat understated frequency values on the X-F line, where the avoided crossing of high- frequency mode is seen, as well as at L point, where, on the contrary, the frequency of oscillation breakup is somewhat increased versus the results in [28, 29]. It is seen in data in the Table 3 that for most intense three-particle interactions in CaF2, that refer to atomic chains of type F-Ca-F and Ca-F-F, the parameter values are also negative, and this again proves the feature of the Keating Model stated above to apply to compounds with the structure, atomic site and, respectively, the geometric bond configuration differ from “standard” values for this method. It should be noted that the use of negative values in the Keating Model for short-range behavior consistent with the bond bending, in view of its initial statement [1], may seem, at the first glance, unreasonable, since this paper provide arguments in favor of their positivity. At the same time, negative values occur even in calculations for the diamond-like systems, such as [22], where they are defined based on the comparison with the spectrum of frequencies, and as such, the parameter β may be taken as the value within the meaning of “effective” and implicitly including additional interactions as follow: as shown in [32, 33], the accuracy enhancement in the Keating Model requires consideration of, at least, 4 particles (4 bonds and 2 bond angles). N N CONCLUSION The calculation results of the lattice dynamics in this paper show that the Keating Model in its initial statement may be efficiently applied to compounds with the atomic site that differs from that of tetrahedral and may, inter alia, include multiple types for a single crystal. The property set specified by the structure and symmetry of crystals of the tested type is sufficient for qualitative and quantitative description of vibrational spectrum, despite the complexity of the geometric bond structure between atoms. This suggests that the Keating Model may be applicable for crystal compounds which are more complicated in terms of their structure. The work is supported by the state assignment 3.235.2014К.
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